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Cumania is a name formerly used to designate several distinct lands in Central and Eastern Europe inhabited by and under the military dominance of the Cumans, a nomadic tribe of Western Kipchaks also known as the Polovtsians. Besides this L
atin term, Cumania was also known as Dasht-i Qipchaq (Kipchak Plain) in Muslim sources and Zemlja Poloveckaja (Polovtsian Land) or Pole Poloveckoe (Polovcian Plain) in Russian sources.
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Cumans were not from China, but a steppe people; they later migrated to the prairies of southern Siberia and northern Kazakhstan. The Cumans entered the grassland of Eastern Europe in the 11th century, from where they continued to assault t
he Byzantine Empire, the Kingdom of Hungary, and Rus.
Ladislaus I of Hungary defeated the Cumans who attacked the Kingdom of Hungary in 1089.
In 1091 the Pechenegs, a semi-nomadic Turkic people of the prairies of southwestern Eurasia, were decisively defeated as an independent force at the Battle of Levounion by the combined forces of a Byzantine army under Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos and a Cuman army under Togortok and Bunaq. Attacked again in 1094 by the Cumans, many Pechenegs were again slain. The remnants of the Pechenegs fled to Hungary, as the Cumans themselves would do a few decades later: fearing t
he Mongol invasion, in 1229, they asked asylum from B
